Moreover, heart failure, kidney failure, liver damage, hypercoagulability, septic shock, and multiple-organ failure (MOF) have been shown to precipitate death. ![]() Sepsis is another feared complication of COVID-19 that can cause lasting damage to the lungs and other organs. Devastating neurological and gastrointestinal symptoms have also been reported. Clinical features in hospitalized patients include complications such as pneumonia and, in the most severe cases, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). However, about 20% of infected subjects become seriously ill and 4% develop severe and even fatal disease. The large majority of patients have a good prognosis with an asymptomatic or pauci-symptomatic disease course ( 3). Currently, it is assumed that the mean incubation period is 4–6 days with an estimated range of 2–14 days, although rare cases of up to 27 days have been reported. ![]() ![]() Although consensus on total mortality and morbidity has yet to be reached, current data show that over 50 million people have contracted the SARS-CoV-2 virus globally, and of these, more than 1,250,000 have died ( 2).Īlthough only a few months have passed since the onset of the pandemic, a myriad of attempts have been made to unravel the unknowns surrounding disease pathogenesis and the related clinical consequences. Outbreak of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 March 2020 ( 1) and since then continues to pose a threat to the sustainability of public health systems worldwide.
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